Floppy disk or CD-ROM or hard disk which containd the iso of MINIX3 or any other operating system.

It loads larger program called boot which then loads the Operating System

A partition that contains the operating system that a computer attempts to load into memory by default when it is started or restarted.

A partition is a logically independent section of a hard disk drive (HDD)

In computing, a file system (or filesystem)is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage area would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins.

Time interval allowed before the process is pre-empted

Preemption is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time.

the System Idle Process contains one or more kernel threads which run when no other runnable thread can be scheduled on a CPU

A makefile is basically a script that guides the make utility to choose the appropriate program files that are to be compiled and linked together.